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Apis cerana
''Apis cerana'', or the Asiatic honey bee (or the eastern honey bee), is a species of honey bee found in southern and southeastern Asia, including China, Pakistan, India, Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Bangladesh, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands. This species is the sister species of ''Apis koschevnikovi'', and both are in the same subgenus as the western (European) honey bee, ''Apis mellifera''.〔(BIODIVERSITY OF HONEYBEES ), M.R.Srinivasan, Department of Agricultural Entomology - Tamil Nadu Agricultural University accessed Jul 2010〕〔Engel, M.S. (1999) The taxonomy of recent and fossil honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: ''Apis''). ''Journal of Hymenoptera Research'' 8: pp. 165–196.〕〔(Photos of ''Apis cerana'' )〕 ''A. cerana'' is known to live sympatrically as well with ''Apis koschevnikovi'' within the same geographic location. ''Apis cerana'' colonies are known for building nests consisting of multiple combs in cavities containing a small entrance, presumably for defense against invasion by individuals of another nest.〔Nanork, P., et al. "Social parasitism by workers in queenless and queenright Apis cerana colonies." Molecular ecology 16.5 (2007): 1107-1114.〕 The diet of this honey bee species consists mostly of pollen and nectar, or honey.〔Haydak, Maykola H. "Honey bee nutrition." Annual review of entomology 15.1 (1970): 143-156.〕 Moreover, ''Apis cerana'' is known for its highly social behavior, reflective of its classification as a type of honey bee.〔
==Taxonomy and Phylogeny==
Danish zoologist Johan Christian Fabricius described ''Apis cerana'', also known as the Eastern or Asian honey bee, in 1793.〔 The genus name ''Apis'' is Latin for “bee.” The Asiatic honey bee is of the ''Apidae'' family, one of the most diverse families of bees, including common honey bees, carpenter bees, orchid bees, bumblebees, cuckoo bees, and even stingless bees.〔Michener, Charles Duncan. The bees of the world. Vol. 1. JHU Press, 2000.〕
In the past, there has been discussion that ''Apis cerana'' and ''Apis melifera'' are simply distinct races of the same species. This is essentially due to overwhelming similarities in both morphology and behavior, as both are medium sized bees (10-11mm) that generally build multiple comb nests inside cavities. Other honey bee species, including the giant honey bees ''Apis dorsata'' and ''Apis laboriosa'', generally construct nests consisting of a single comb in open areas.〔Winston, Mark L. The biology of the honey bee. Harvard University Press, 1991.〕 However, despite the striking similarities between ''Apis cerana'' and ''Apis melifera'', there is evidence to suggest that these two species are quite distinct; for example, mating between these species does not produce offspring. In addition, while ''Apis melifera'' colonies can reach sizes of up to 10,000 or more individuals, ''Apis cerana'' colonies are relatively small, with only around 6,000 to 7,000 workers.〔 Morevoer, ''Apis cerana'' is found predominantly in the Eastern Asian region of the world, while ''Apis mellifera'' is found predominantly in the Western European and African region of the world.〔 For these reasons, it has now been concluded that these are in fact two separate species, contrary to prior beliefs.
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